System Constraints part 2

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/12/system-constraints.html">System Constraints part 1  </a></span></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Equality Constraints</span></span></div><b><br style="color: cyan;" /><span style="color: cyan;">The main equality constraints are the basic load flow</span><span style="color: cyan;"> equations that establish the flow </span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="color: cyan;">balance equations</span><span style="color: cyan;"> For example, the equality constrains according to</span><span style="color: cyan;"> Newton-Raphson </span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="color: cyan;">Method are</span></b><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> </span><br /> <div style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Inequality Constraints</span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> <span style="color: red;">Generator constraints</span></span><br /> <div style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> The thermal stability of generators requires that the total VA </span></div><div style="color: white;"><br /> </div><div style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Sg" loading of any generator has not to exceed a certain maximum value Sg-max</span></div><div style="color: white;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Inequality Constraints</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Generator constraints There are upper and lower limits</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> for the reactive power of the generator These limitations</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> are defined by the overheating of the rotor for the upper</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> limit and the stability limit of the machine for the lower</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> limit</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Voltage constraints</span></span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Both the magnitudes and angles of node voltages have to be controlled in order to keep them</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> within acceptable limits</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> The power quality necessitates that the voltage magnitudes at load terminals are kept within </span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">specific limits or else the equipments will not operate satisfactorily</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> The regulation of the voltage starts from the generators (exciters) to reduce the cost of extra</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> voltage regulating devices</span></b></div></div>

System Constraints part 2

System Constraints part 1  Equality Constraints The main equality constraints are the basic load flow equations that establish the flow ...

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System Constraints

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The technical limitations that have not to be violated under </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">any condition The violation of these constraints affects the </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">power quality and the general operation of the power system</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> and causes stability problems The constraints can be divided</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> into two groups: equality constraints and inequality</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> constraints. Inequality constraints can have a hard nature,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> where the variables are definite and specific like the</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> tap-changing transformer, or a soft nature, where the</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> variables are smoothly varied within a specific range like the</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> nodal voltages System</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Constraints</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><b>1/ Equality constraints Inequality constraints</b></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><b> 2/ Inequality constraints</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> <b><span style="color: orange;">hard nature soft nature</span></b></div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"><br /> The variables are The variables are definite and specific hl i d i hi like the tap-changing</div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"> transformer</div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: orange;"><b>soft nature</b></div><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: white;"> smoothly varied within a specific range like the nodal voltages</span></div></div>

System Constraints

The technical limitations that have not to be violated under  any condition The violation of these constraints affects the  power quality ...

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Economic load dispatch

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> The unit commitment study</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><b style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">It optimally defines the required generators to meet the expected load and to provide</span></b><br /> <br /> <b style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a specified margin of operating reserve over a specified period of time</span></b><br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> The economic dispatch</span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: center;"><b><br /> </b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b>It determines the output power of each plant that would minimize the overall fuel cost. </b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b>This </b><b>represents a coordination process between the unit productions in an economic</b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b> manner</b></div><br /> <br /> </div>

Economic load dispatch

 The unit commitment study It optimally defines the required generators to meet the expected load and to provide a specified margin of...

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Midal Cables Limited

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">•Midal Cables was established in 1977. It is presently one of the worlds largest<br /> producer of Aluminium & Aluminium Alloy Rod, Wires and Overhead Conductors with<br /> a rod capacity of 170,000 MT per annum.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • Metal Form is Midal’s wholly owned downstream subsidiary. Metal Form’s product<br /> range is Conform, Aluminium Clad Steel Wire, etc.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • Aluwheel is Midal’s major investment in aluminum wheel business. Aluwheel’s core products are Aluminum Wheels for Trucks and Passenger Cars</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • Marketing & International Offices – Almost 100% of our products are<br /> exported through the offices in Bahrain, UK, Kenya, Malaysia and Canada supported<br /> by agents in over 50 countries.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • EHS Certification – In 1993 Midal Bahrain was the first manufacturing company to<br /> obtain ISO 9001-2000 certificate. Since then we were the first to obtain ISO<br /> 14001:2004 and OHS AS 18001:1999 Certifications.</span></div>

Midal Cables Limited

•Midal Cables was established in 1977. It is presently one of the worlds largest producer of Aluminium & Aluminium Alloy Rod, Wires and...

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Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 2

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/12/satisfying-customers-through-supply.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"> Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 1</span></span></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/12/satisfying-customers-through-supply.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain</span></span></a><br /> </div><br /> <div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">Security of supply in electricity depends on</span></div><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> three parts of the electricity supply chain:</span></div><div style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> - generation<br /> - transmission and<br /> - distribution</span></div><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /> Transmission is the dependent where cable manufacturing companies like Midal plays the most important part in linking the Chain and its success</span></div>

Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 2

 Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 1 Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain Security of supply in electricity d...

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Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Different Products have different shelf life</span></div><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> </span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Fast Food has a shelf-life of 3 hours</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">Dairy Products have a shelf-life of approx 4 to 7 days</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">A hotel room waits for you only 24 hours before you confirm</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">Fresh fruits & vegetables have shelf-life of approx. 2 days</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">Expected average life around 50 years</span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Electricity has ZERO shelf life</span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Electricity cannot be stored effectively Generation should </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">exactly match demand Inter-regional grid can help in </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">matching supply with demand Electricity has ZERO shelf life </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Shelf-life can be created for Electricity by inter connectivity of</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> Networks</span></div>

Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain

Different Products have different shelf life Fast Food has a shelf-life of 3 hours   Dairy Products have a shelf-life of approx 4 to 7 day...

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