System Constraints part 2

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/12/system-constraints.html">System Constraints part 1  </a></span></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Equality Constraints</span></span></div><b><br style="color: cyan;" /><span style="color: cyan;">The main equality constraints are the basic load flow</span><span style="color: cyan;"> equations that establish the flow </span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="color: cyan;">balance equations</span><span style="color: cyan;"> For example, the equality constrains according to</span><span style="color: cyan;"> Newton-Raphson </span></b><br /> <br /> <b><span style="color: cyan;">Method are</span></b><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> </span><br /> <div style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">Inequality Constraints</span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> <span style="color: red;">Generator constraints</span></span><br /> <div style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> The thermal stability of generators requires that the total VA </span></div><div style="color: white;"><br /> </div><div style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">"Sg" loading of any generator has not to exceed a certain maximum value Sg-max</span></div><div style="color: white;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Inequality Constraints</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Generator constraints There are upper and lower limits</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> for the reactive power of the generator These limitations</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> are defined by the overheating of the rotor for the upper</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> limit and the stability limit of the machine for the lower</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"> limit</span></div><div style="color: red;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Voltage constraints</span></span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Both the magnitudes and angles of node voltages have to be controlled in order to keep them</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> within acceptable limits</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> The power quality necessitates that the voltage magnitudes at load terminals are kept within </span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">specific limits or else the equipments will not operate satisfactorily</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> The regulation of the voltage starts from the generators (exciters) to reduce the cost of extra</span></b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> voltage regulating devices</span></b></div></div>

System Constraints part 2

System Constraints part 1  Equality ConstraintsThe main equality constraints are the basic load flow equations that establish the flow  balance equations For example, the equality constrains accordin…

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System Constraints

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">The technical limitations that have not to be violated under </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">any condition The violation of these constraints affects the </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">power quality and the general operation of the power system</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> and causes stability problems The constraints can be divided</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> into two groups: equality constraints and inequality</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> constraints. Inequality constraints can have a hard nature,</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> where the variables are definite and specific like the</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> tap-changing transformer, or a soft nature, where the</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> variables are smoothly varied within a specific range like the</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> nodal voltages System</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">Constraints</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><b>1/ Equality constraints Inequality constraints</b></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue; text-align: left;"><b> 2/ Inequality constraints</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> <b><span style="color: orange;">hard nature soft nature</span></b></div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"><br /> The variables are The variables are definite and specific hl i d i hi like the tap-changing</div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"> transformer</div><div style="color: white; text-align: left;"><br /> </div><div style="color: orange;"><b>soft nature</b></div><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: white;"> smoothly varied within a specific range like the nodal voltages</span></div></div>

System Constraints

The technical limitations that have not to be violated under  any condition The violation of these constraints affects the  power quality and the general operation of the power system and causes stab…

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Economic load dispatch

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> The unit commitment study</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /> </div><b style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">It optimally defines the required generators to meet the expected load and to provide</span></b><br /> <br /> <b style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a specified margin of operating reserve over a specified period of time</span></b><br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> The economic dispatch</span></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: center;"><b><br /> </b></div><div style="color: blue;"><b>It determines the output power of each plant that would minimize the overall fuel cost. </b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b>This </b><b>represents a coordination process between the unit productions in an economic</b></div><div style="color: blue;"><br /> </div><div style="color: blue;"><b> manner</b></div><br /> <br /> </div>

Economic load dispatch

 The unit commitment study It optimally defines the required generators to meet the expected load and to provide a specified margin of operating reserve over a specified period of time  The economic…

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Midal Cables Limited

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: large;">•Midal Cables was established in 1977. It is presently one of the worlds largest<br /> producer of Aluminium & Aluminium Alloy Rod, Wires and Overhead Conductors with<br /> a rod capacity of 170,000 MT per annum.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • Metal Form is Midal’s wholly owned downstream subsidiary. Metal Form’s product<br /> range is Conform, Aluminium Clad Steel Wire, etc.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • Aluwheel is Midal’s major investment in aluminum wheel business. Aluwheel’s core products are Aluminum Wheels for Trucks and Passenger Cars</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • Marketing & International Offices – Almost 100% of our products are<br /> exported through the offices in Bahrain, UK, Kenya, Malaysia and Canada supported<br /> by agents in over 50 countries.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /> • EHS Certification – In 1993 Midal Bahrain was the first manufacturing company to<br /> obtain ISO 9001-2000 certificate. Since then we were the first to obtain ISO<br /> 14001:2004 and OHS AS 18001:1999 Certifications.</span></div>

Midal Cables Limited

•Midal Cables was established in 1977. It is presently one of the worlds largest producer of Aluminium & Aluminium Alloy Rod, Wires and Overhead Conductors with a rod capacity of 170,000 MT per annum.…

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Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 2

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/12/satisfying-customers-through-supply.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"> Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 1</span></span></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://hayatei.blogspot.com/2010/12/satisfying-customers-through-supply.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain</span></span></a><br /> </div><br /> <div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;">Security of supply in electricity depends on</span></div><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> three parts of the electricity supply chain:</span></div><div style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> - generation<br /> - transmission and<br /> - distribution</span></div><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /> Transmission is the dependent where cable manufacturing companies like Midal plays the most important part in linking the Chain and its success</span></div>

Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 2

 Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain part 1 Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain Security of supply in electricity depends on three parts of the electricity supply chain: - generati…

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Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">Different Products have different shelf life</span></div><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /> </span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;">Fast Food has a shelf-life of 3 hours</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">Dairy Products have a shelf-life of approx 4 to 7 days</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">A hotel room waits for you only 24 hours before you confirm</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">Fresh fruits & vegetables have shelf-life of approx. 2 days</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br style="color: blue;" /><span style="color: blue;">Expected average life around 50 years</span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;">Electricity has ZERO shelf life</span></span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Electricity cannot be stored effectively Generation should </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">exactly match demand Inter-regional grid can help in </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">matching supply with demand Electricity has ZERO shelf life </span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Shelf-life can be created for Electricity by inter connectivity of</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"> Networks</span></div>

Satisfying Customers through the Supply Chain

Different Products have different shelf life Fast Food has a shelf-life of 3 hours  Dairy Products have a shelf-life of approx 4 to 7 days  A hotel room waits for you only 24 hours before you confirm …

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