The main equality constraints are the basic load flow equations that establish the flow
balance equations For example, the equality constrains according to Newton-Raphson
Method are
Inequality Constraints
Generator constraints
The thermal stability of generators requires that the total VA
"Sg" loading of any generator has not to exceed a certain maximum value Sg-max
Inequality Constraints
Generator constraints There are upper and lower limits
for the reactive power of the generator These limitations
are defined by the overheating of the rotor for the upper
limit and the stability limit of the machine for the lower
limit
Voltage constraints
Both the magnitudes and angles of node voltages have to be controlled in order to keep them
within acceptable limits
The power quality necessitates that the voltage magnitudes at load terminals are kept within
specific limits or else the equipments will not operate satisfactorily
The regulation of the voltage starts from the generators (exciters) to reduce the cost of extra
voltage regulating devices
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