System Constraints part 3

Inequality Constraints


Running spare capacity constraints


To ensure the existence of enough spinning reserve to 


overcome any emergency situation

The generation should guarantee a minimum spare capacity 


in addition to load demand and power losses

Pg > PLoad + Ploss


This difference, i.e. spare capacity, is defined according to


economic issues and technical aspects like the ramping rates

of the generators


 Transmission line constraints

 There is a thermal capability of each transmission line that defines the allowed flow of 

active and reactive power

The transmitted power is limited as follows

PT.L ≤ PT.L,max

Where PT.L,max is the maximum loading capacity of the transmission line System
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