افضل كتاب لاعمال التركيبات الكهربائيه و التصميم الكهربى

<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Book contents </b></span><span style="color: darkgreen;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /> Ch1: AutoCAD<br /> Ch2: Lighting<br /> Ch3: Sockets (Power)<br /> Ch4: Circuit Breaker<br /> Ch5: Cables<br /> Ch6: Air Condition (HVAC)<br /> Ch7: Lefts<br /> Ch8: Bus Duct<br /> Ch9: Feeding Systems<br /> Ch10: Load Estimation<br /> Ch11: Power Factor Correction</span></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.mediafire.com/file/3th00f3d90kq5j2/Arabic+Distribution+course+Book.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">Download </span></a><br /><br /> حجم الكتاب حوالي 28 ميجابايت</span></b></span></div> </div>

افضل كتاب لاعمال التركيبات الكهربائيه و التصميم الكهربى

Book contents Ch1: AutoCAD Ch2: Lighting Ch3: Sockets (Power) Ch4: Circuit Breaker Ch5: Cables Ch6: Air Condition (HVAC) Ch7: Lefts...

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Photovoltaic reliability, using micro inverter

<div style="text-align: justify;">In my previous article I presented the principle for avoiding production losses  when photovoltaic systems are located in such cases where there is shadow of  trees, dust, chimneys, antenna, other buildings … We speak of photovoltaic shading.<br /> Then I presented a good solution to avoid these which is distributed MPP Tracking: one micro inverter per photovoltaic module to track individual Maximum Power Point. I also detailed 2 design approaches with pro’s & con’s arguments.<br /> In this article, I will give some concerns and questions about photovoltaic reliability.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/photovoltaic-shading1.jpg" src="http://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/photovoltaic-shading1.jpg" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /> <div style="background-color: orange; color: red; text-align: center;">photovoltaic shading</div><br /> It’s a main point and certainly the success key factor of this disruptive innovation.<br /> A manufacturer writes “no failure point”: that‘s great! But when a micro converter is embedded on the photovoltaic module and fixed on a roof, it’s not acceptable to have failure. This is not thinking to have a field engineer or installer which climb on the roof, uninstall a photovoltaic module and break water tightness (in case of BIPV)  for a US50$ micro-converter part only !<br /> <br /> The design must integrate the unfavourable constraints for the component choice (very low temperature the winter (- 20°C), very high temperature the summer (+70°C)). To be serious, a manufacturer should describe which working profile conditions are using for the design…<br /> <br /> This is the most critical point and a lot of manufacturers are not talkative on this topic.<br /> <br /> One indicates: “specific components are chosen for reliability design (HALT). Also those tests have run for the equivalent of over 50 years”. It’s great, but it’s not serious: the life time indicate nothing about photovoltaic reliability!<br /> (for example : I can keep a car during 20 years (20 Years life time) and every week the car mechanic repair it (7 days MTBF))<br /> <br /> What is the Photovoltaic reliability of distributed system? What is the true MTBF or the true “lambda” ?<br /> <br /> How many chances have a customer to have a failure on his roof? How will customer ROI be impacted if we have to repair it during the life-time. That is the true and one question I have to request myself before suggests it on his roof! <br /> To summarize<br /> <br /> In my point of view this distributed technology applied to photovoltaic sytem is a very interesting new approach of solar energy harvest with a lot of benefices under specific condition. But today this technology is developed by very small companies witch take not enough in count the photovoltaic reliability aspect. It’s a shame because this innovation could be nip in the bud.<br /> <br /> Yves Jeanjean</div>

Photovoltaic reliability, using micro inverter

In my previous article I presented the principle for avoiding production losses  when photovoltaic systems are located in such cases where t...

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PRACTICAL AND IDEAL TRANSFORMER

<div style="background-color: yellow; color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ideal Transformer On Load.</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: red; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">As the transformer is loaded, current I2 flows in the secondary. When this current I2 flows through N2 it produces a flux <span style="color: black;">φ</span>2 . The polarity of <span style="color: black;">φ</span>2 is such that it opposes the main flux <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M. The instantaneous effect of this opposition is that <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M is reduced and instantaneously the induced voltage E1 in the primary is less than V1. <br /> <br /> Because of this voltage difference, the primary current I1 increases, and as it passes through the primary turns N1, it produces an magneto motive force (mmf) to counter the instantaneous reduction in <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M . The effect of this increased primary mmf is to bring the flux in the core back to the original value of <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M.<br /> <br /> Therefore when the supply voltage V1 is constant, despite changes in load current, the flux in a transformer remains at a constant value causing a voltage E1  to be induced in the primary windings and a voltage E2 to be induced in the secondary windings. This relationship neglects the magnetizing current demanded by the imperfections of the core.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br /> <div style="background-color: yellow; color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">PRACTICAL OR NON IDEAL TRANSFORMER</span></div><br /> Transformation of energy is not perfect. Not all the flux produced by the primary winding links with the secondary, for example transformer has a leakage reactance. Establishing a flux involves the drawing of a magnetizing current. Pulsation’s of the flux  in the core produce a core loss due to HYSTERESIS and EDDY CURRENTS.<br /> <br /> The continuing loss of energy to the core produces heat which must be removed from the transformer.<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /> </div>

PRACTICAL AND IDEAL TRANSFORMER

Ideal Transformer On Load.   As the transformer is loaded, current I2 flows in the secondary. When this current I2 flows through N2 it produ...

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BASIC THEORY OF TRANSFORMERS

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <div style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: red; font-size: large;">INTRODUCTION </span></div> <br /> The invention of the power transformer in the latter part of the nineteenth century made possible the development of the modern constant voltage AC supply system, with power stations often located many miles from the centers of electrical load. Before that, in the early days, the supplies were DC systems with generation, of necessity close to the point of loading.<br /> <br /> The amount of auxiliary plant needing electrical supply in a large power station requires five or possibly six different voltage levels, requiring 60 or more transformers to provide the interconnections.<br /> <br /> The transformer interconnects and transfers power between systems at different voltages. It does this at very high efficiency, at 99% or higher.<br /> <br /> Transformers in power stations are generally three phase and double wound, i.e. they have electrically separate primary and secondary windings<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red;">BASIC THEORY OF TRANSFORMERS</span></span></div> </div> <div style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> In figure 1, an ac generator connected to circuit 1 , referred to as PRIMARY, transfers energy to the magnetic circuit, which in turn transfers this energy to circuit 2, referred to as SECONDARY. The flux in the core  </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"> φ</span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">M  is common to both circuits, and is responsible for this transfer of energy.</span></span></span><br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="http://www7.0zz0.com/2010/12/25/13/455207520.png" src="http://www7.0zz0.com/2010/12/25/13/455207520.png" /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span></div> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span><br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: orange; color: red;">Fig. 1.1. Ideal transformer</span></div> <br /> In an ideal transformer, there are no losses in the core and the windings have no resistance or leakage reactance.<br /> <br /> Consequently, the voltage V1 applied at the primary terminals will be used to circulate the primary current I1 against the opposing emf induced by the main flux. This INDUCED EMF e1 can be calculated by the following equation:<br /> <br /> e1 = N1 x change in flux <br /> <br /> or e1  =  N1  x change in flux /  change in t    ( 1 )<br /> <br /> <br /> where N1 is the number of primary turns.<br /> Similarly, the secondary winding is linked by the same flux as the primary winding and will have an emf e2 induced in it, <br /> <br /> e2 = N2 x change in flux  ( 2 )<br /> <br /> where N2 is the number of secondary turns.<br /> <br /> In the above e1 and e2 are instantaneous values of induced voltage. However it is usual and more convenient to use rms ( root mean square) values. It can be shown that, as a general formula <br /> E  =  4.44 N <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M f     ( 3 )<br /> <br /> where    </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> E = rms induced voltage<br /> N = number of turns<br /> <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M = rms value of flux<br /> f = system frequency ( 60 cps)<br /> <br /> In an ideal transformers, the losses which are normally small are ignored, and then<br /> <br /> V1 / V2  =  N1 / N2 = I2 / I1      ( 4 )<br /> <br /> This important relationship must be clearly understood and memorized.<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: small;">The operation of the transformer can be summarized as follows:</span></div> <br /> 1.    When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to a primary coil of N1 turns linking a suitable iron core as shown in figure 1. A magnetizing reactive current flows in the coil, establishing flux <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M in the core (and small additional fluxes elsewhere, neglected for a first consideration).<br /> <br /> 2.    The flux <span style="color: black;">φ</span>M, is such that it induces in the primary coil an emf E1, by self induction to counter the applied voltage V1 and establish electrical balance. If a secondary coil of N2 turns is linked by the same flux, then by mutual induction, an emf E2, is developed in this coil. If a load is connected to the secondary coil, a current I2 will flow in the secondary circuit under the influence of induced voltage E2. This induced voltage E2 appears across the secondary terminals as V2.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /></div> </div> </div> <span class="post-date updated">السبت، 25 ديسمبر، 2010 </span> <span class="author vcard"> <span class="fn">justaneng</span></span>

BASIC THEORY OF TRANSFORMERS

INTRODUCTION The invention of the power transformer in the latter part of the nineteenth century made possible the development of the ...

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TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMER

<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;">TROUBLE SHOOTING OF TRANSFORMER</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr style="height: 29.3pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td colspan="4" style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(217, 217, 217) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: windowtext; border-style: double double solid; border-width: 4.5pt 4.5pt 1pt; height: 29.3pt; padding: 0cm; width: 392.2pt;" width="523"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 15.15pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">TROUBLE SHOOTING OF TRANSFORMER</span></b></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 22.1pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(217, 217, 217) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 3pt 4.5pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.15pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">NO.</span></b></div></td> <td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(217, 217, 217) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 3pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><h5>TROUBLES</h5></td> <td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(217, 217, 217) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 3pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 6.35pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">CAUSE</span></b></div></td> <td style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: rgb(217, 217, 217) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 3pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-right: 14pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">ACTION</span></b></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 160.05pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid none double; border-width: medium 1pt medium 4.5pt; height: 160.05pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">1</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 160.05pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Stop of transformer</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">(Except OLTC)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 160.05pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Internal fault of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">main tank</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 4.5pt medium medium; height: 160.05pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 14pt 0.0001pt 18.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">(1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Check on relay  </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0cm 14pt 0.0001pt 18.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">     </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">operation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 14pt 0.0001pt 18.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -12pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;">(2)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;"> Electrical tests</span></div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 0cm 36.75pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -30pt;"><b>-1</b>  Measurement of insulation resistance</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin: 0cm 36.75pt 0.0001pt; text-indent: -30pt;"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 36.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">-2</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Measurement of winding resistance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 36.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -29.25pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">-3</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Measurement of voltage ratio.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -29.25pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 36.75pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">-4</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Measurement of exciting current</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 4.15pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">(3)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Gas analysis of    </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 4.15pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">     </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">transformer</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 154.65pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid double double; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt 4.5pt; height: 154.65pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -19.25pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">1-1</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 154.65pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Operation of differntial relay and buchholz relay or pressure relief device operate simultaneously</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 154.65pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> (1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Internal fault</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double double none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 4.5pt medium; height: 154.65pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Action shall be same as internal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">fault procedures.</span></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /> <br /> <div></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr style="height: 50.25pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid none double; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt medium 4.5pt; height: 50.25pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.1pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">1-2</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid none none; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt medium medium; height: 50.25pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Operation of buchholz relay and pressure relief device</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid none none; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt medium medium; height: 50.25pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> <b>(2)</b> Internal fault</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double double none none; border-width: 4.5pt 4.5pt medium medium; height: 50.25pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Action shall be same as internal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">fault procedures.</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 67pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid none double; border-width: medium 1pt medium 4.5pt; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.1pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">1-3</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">simultaneously</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Operation of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">differential</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">relay only</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> (1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Internal fault</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> (2)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Inrush current        </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">      at time of       </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">      energyization</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 4.5pt medium medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 6.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>(1)</b> Action shall be same  </div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 6.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b>     </b>as internal fault </div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 6.75pt; text-indent: 0cm;">     procedures.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;">(2)-1</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setting values of </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;">        </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;">relays.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">  <b>(2)-2</b> Value of inrush   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">          current.</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 67pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 4.5pt; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.1pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">1-4</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">Operation of buchholz relay (trip) only</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> (1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Internal fault</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> (2)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Faulty   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">      operation</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3"><b>(1)</b> Action shall be same as internal fault procedures.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 7.55pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;">(2)-1</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt; line-height: 150%;"> Check wiring.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">(2)-2</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"> Check contacts.</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 67pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 4.5pt; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.1pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">1-5</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Operation of pressure device </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Only</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> (1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Interal fault</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> (2)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Faulty Operation</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 21.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">(1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> Action shall be same as internal fault procedures.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0cm 4.05pt 0.0001pt 7pt; text-align: left;"><b>(2)-1</b> Check wiring.</div><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(2)-2</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Check contacts.</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 67pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 4.5pt; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 17.1pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -17.1pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">1-6</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Winding temp.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">indicator or</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">oil temp. indicator</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> (1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Internal fault</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> (2)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Faulty operation</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> (3)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Stop of cooling   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">      fan.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 21.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Action shall be same as internal fault procedures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 11.2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -7.35pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> <b>(2)-1</b> Check wiring</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 33.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -30pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> (2)-2</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Sudden variation of oil  temperature.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 21.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(3)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">    Check cooling fan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 67pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid double; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 4.5pt; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">2</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Operation of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">buchholz: relay</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(alarm) only</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> (1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Internal fault</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> (2)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Trapped air or   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">      evoluation of   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">      dissolved gases</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double solid none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 1pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> <b>(1)</b> Action shall be same as    </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">      internal fault procedures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 27.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">  <b>(2) -1</b> Analysis of gas   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 27.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -27pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">           </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">accumulated</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 48.25pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -14.4pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">  in Buchholz Relay.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 21.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> <b>(2)-2</b> Sudden variation of oil    </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 21.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">          </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">temperature.</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 67pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid double double; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt 4.5pt; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">3</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Operation of relays such as overcurrent relay, ground relay, arrestor etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Internal fault</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(2)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> External faults such as short- circuit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">In the system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 7pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double double none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 4.5pt medium; height: 67pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(1)</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Action shall be same as   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">       internal fault procedures.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 11.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 11.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(2) -1</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Check any sign of </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 11.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">         </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Heavy current</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">            circulation in the</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">            windings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 11.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(2) -2</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Check any sign of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 43pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.4pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">          on-load tap changer interrupting heavy short-circuit current.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 45.6pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -34.4pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">(2) -3</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> Short-circuit current value, its duration time.</span></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr style="height: 32.55pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: windowtext; border-style: double solid solid double; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt 1pt 4.5pt; height: 32.55pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">4</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid solid none; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.55pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.85pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">Abnormality is found in recording devices</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid solid none; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.55pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">- ditto -</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double double solid none; border-width: 4.5pt 4.5pt 1pt medium; height: 32.55pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 11.2pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">- ditto -</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 44.15pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid none double; border-width: medium 1pt medium 4.5pt; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">         High   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;"> temperature</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;"> rise</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 14.4pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Period required to Reach the maximum temperature and ambient temperature</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">, Load </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">factor or type of load. Connection diagram of bank and internal connection tap voltage.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 8.75pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 4.5pt medium medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">    If the oil temperature is about 80`C over, thetransformer must not be operated continuously.</span></div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 269.4pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid none double; border-width: medium 1pt medium 4.5pt; height: 269.4pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 269.4pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 5.35pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Burned coil</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 269.4pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Date and time of burning.       Installation site. Perod of use(immediately after operation period). Cause of failure:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 10.8pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">   Overload</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 10.8pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">    Lighting</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Short circuiting</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">(internal or external)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Others</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Existence or absense of copper powder. Operation of protective devices (primary and secondary)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 10.8pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double none none; border-width: medium 4.5pt medium medium; height: 269.4pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 44.15pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid double double; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt 4.5pt; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 7.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">  Local heating</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 5.35pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-left: 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Heated point. Load factor or type of load. Smoke.   Discoloration</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double double none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 4.5pt medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table><br /> <br /> <br /> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr style="height: 44.15pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid none double; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt medium 4.5pt; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid none none; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt medium medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 7.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Insulation resistance</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 7.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">failure</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double solid none none; border-width: 4.5pt 1pt medium medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Insulation resistance:     </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">   </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">High voltage winding to low voltage winding and tank. Low voltage winding to high voltage winding and tank.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">High voltage winding to low voltage winding. Temperature and humidity at which mea surement is made.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Installation site (indoors or outdoors). History of the transformer.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Dielectric strangth of the insulation oil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: double double none none; border-width: 4.5pt 4.5pt medium medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="height: 44.15pt; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid double double; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt 4.5pt; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 33.55pt;" width="45"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 89.85pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin-top: 7.2pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Noise</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid double none; border-width: medium 1pt 4.5pt medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 110pt;" width="147"><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Operating conditions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">(overload, normal)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none double double none; border-width: medium 4.5pt 4.5pt medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm; width: 158.8pt;" width="212"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; margin: 10.8pt 0cm 0.0001pt 9pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -9pt; unicode-bidi: embed;"><br /> </div></td></tr> </tbody></table>

TROUBLESHOOTING OF TRANSFORMER

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